- Knee to chest position (increases PVR).
- IV/IM/SC morphine (0.1-0.2mg/kg)
- Fluid bolus (10-20cc/kg)
- IV beta blockers, i.e. propranolol – decrease RVOT spasm
- Phenylephrine – increase PVR.
- Emergent surgical repair or shunt.
~ Neonates may need prostaglandins if they are dependent on their ductus arteriosus.